Occupational Health And Safety Management Systems Construction Essay

Occupational Health And Safety Management Systems Construction Essay Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS) have been defined by Gallagher as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a combination of the planning and review, the management organisational arrangements, the consultative arrangements, and the specific program elements that work together in an integrated way to improve health and safety performance A management system is a set of interrelated elements used to establish the policy and objectives, and to reach these objectives, it includes an organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources. The implementation process of a management system adds value to organizational culture since it develops competences related to the planning and execution of activities, prioritizes the capacity of team work and promotes the improved reliability of production systems.According to OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (2007), occupational health and safety are conditions and factors that affect, or could affect, the health and safety of employees or other workers (including temporaries and outsourced workers), visitors or any other person at the workplace. An occupational health and safety management system can be defined as part of the organizations management system used to develop and implement its policy and manage its occupational health and safety risks (OHSAS 18001, 2007). The implementation of occupational health and safety management systems has been the main strategy to combat the serious social and economic problem of work-related accidents and illnesses and it can also be used by companies as a factor to increase competitiveness (TRIVELATO, 2002). When an employee is hired by a company, the perception he has regarding the physical and social environment he finds will influence his daily behavior. That is why aspects such as order, cleanliness and personal hygiene are of utmost importance, as is the organization and utilization of space by means of an appropriate layout (BARBOSA FILHO, 2001). OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management System The British Standard BS 8800 (Guide to Occupational Health and Safety Systems), created in 1996, was the first successful attempt at establishing a standard reference for implementing a health and safety management system. It aims at improving the organizations performance in terms of health and safety, providing guidance with regards to how its management should be integrated with the administration of other aspects of company performance. This standard was broadly disseminated throughout the world and adopted in the most diverse industries. It is comprised of a series of elements (requirements); however, it does not establish performance criteria or even specifications on how to design the system. In 1999, OHSAS 18001 was published by the British Standards Institution (BSI). It was elaborated by a group of international entities (BVQI, DNV, LLOYDS, SGS and others), which used BS 8800 as its basis. It was developed in response to the needs of companies to manage their occupational health and safety obligations more efficiently. In July 2007, OHSAS 18001:1999 was replaced by OHSAS 18001:2007, and some alterations were introduced, thus reflecting the experience of 16,000 certified organizations in more than 80 countries (QSP, 2007). OHSAS 18001 aims at providing organizations with elements of an effective occupational health and safety management system that can be integrated with other management requirements and help them achieve their OHS and economic objectives (OHSAS 18001, 2007). It is applicable to every type and size of organization and can be integrated with other management systems (quality, environment and social responsibility) in order to help them achieve their occupational health and safety objectives. As per Figure 1, OHSAS is based on PDCA methodology (OHSAS 18001, 2007). This OHSAS Standard is based on the methodology known as Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). PDCA can be briefly described as follows. Plan: establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the organizations OHS policy. Do: implement the processes. Check: monitor and measure processes against OHS policy, objectives, legal and other requirements, and report the results. Act: take actions to continually improve OHS performance Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 18001 provides the mechanism for occupational health and safety management, helps companies in the systematic inspection and measurement of the degree of their suitability, as well as trains employee to understand their role in the health safety system and its improvement. Companies hoping to implement an effective occupational health and safety management system should have a clear understanding of the changes in health and safety laws, as well as potential hazards existing inside the factory. A good understanding could reduce accidents, accident and calamity risks, as well as upgrade the general health and safety risk control efficiency of the company. The study explains the implementation performance and execution procedure of the occupational health safety management system based on actual implementation experience of the occupational health safety management system. Occupational health safety management system establis hment experiences showed that one undergoes eight stages when setting up an OHSAS 18001 compliant health and safety management system execution procedure; namely, preparation, initial review, planning, documentation, implementation operation, checking corrective action, management review, and continuous improvement. 1.0 Preparation Stage Preparatory work and psychological construction are fairly important in the establishment of the occupational health safety management system. Generally, during the initial period of introducing occupational health safety management system into a factory, factory workers already possessed a health and safety precognition, as well as understand that the establishment of the company occupational health safety management system would require their full coordination and support. The primary function of this stage is to foster top executive support and authorization, implementing body organization, and stimulation of personnel recognition. Top executive support and authorization Top executive is the highest authority of the occupational health safety management system, as well as the highest decision making manager of the factory However, prior to setting up system, a factory should obtain the approval and support of its top executive. The occupational health safety management system establishment responsibility and authority should be assigned to the appropriate personnel to integrate internal existing resources and dissolve possible resistance that may surface during the execution process. A specific measure would be to employ a paper or hierarchic order relay method starting from the top factory executive, e.g. chairman, CEO, president, or factory manager, openly making official explanation of the system to the management executives and operators. For instance, holding a Kick-off Meeting or employing other official announcement or publication to notify managers and staff about the establishment of the occupational health safety management system. It is imperative that each individual should understand the companys determination in promoting the occupational health safety management system. Organizing an implementing body Clear-cut scope of individual responsibilities is an imperative essential of a good management system. OHSAS 18001 requires the assignment of corresponding responsibilities to employees, clearing defining their responsibilities, authority, and mutual relationship. The management should provide the resources needed for execution, as well as appoint the suitable management representative. Hence, the organization should have a written document clearly defining the role of each individual in the system to allow each person to understand his/her importance, responsibilities, and authority in the scheme of operations, position in the organization, and the vertical relationship of the management level. The organization might explain to the persons in charge, positions and management level possessing the relevant management responsibilities in the handbook or procedure manual. The regular training and internal communication channels may be used to make each person understand the nature of hi s/her responsibility. As for management responsibilities, aside from total authority delegation, it is also necessary to provide the appropriate resources; e.g. money, manpower, materials, technology, information source. The management representative is the soul of the occupational health safety management system. Pursuant to higher management instructions, he/she is responsible for leading the system to the right path, as well as verifying the right operating responsibilities of the occupational health safety management system and report system execution performance to higher management. Stimulating health and safety recognition of employees Education and training are important tools organizations use to maintain the professional knowledge and skills of employees; especially during the early stage of occupational health safety management system establishment. Education and training are the best means for upgrading personnel skills, stimulating employee understanding of his/her work as well as health and safety effects. A training premise is that the organization should first identify the individuals expose to potential serious health and safety risks to provide a suitable training. Likewise, employees assigned to special jobs should possess adequate educational background, training and experience for the job. Generally, the business sector does not have a clear perception of health and safety, therefore under such deficient information supply, employees could hardly understand their role in the health and safety problems, needless to say take measures to further ensure his/her or another partys safety. The OHSAS 18001 training requirement goes beyond work technology, it also emphasizes recognition upgrade. Factories introducing the occupational health safety management system concept may use education and training as a foundation; when requiring employees to maintain or upgrade their skills, factories should first allow employees to understand correlation between and importance of their work and health safety. Organizations may relay health safety management system requirements to employees through means most suitable to the factory culture. If everyone understands ones role and responsibility in the system, then working under the health and safety effects, one would be able to upgrade ones health and safety performance, as well as gladly coordinate with the health safety management system of the company. 2 Initial review period During the establishment of the occupational health safety management system, initial review of the condition understanding and data compilation work provided the formulation of subsequent or amendment of occupational health safety policies; formulation of objectives and management programs; definition of references for standard procedure documents. Initial review is not part of the OHSAS 18001 certification requirement, however those who have not established their occupational health safety management system in the OHSAS 18002 may use this measure as foundation of subsequent operations. Initial review allowed factories to understand fully the relationship between their internal operations and the safety problems, as well as the safety problems and responsibilities of the factories. The purpose of initial review is to provide a thorough understanding of the health and safety advantages and disadvantages of the organization per se, well as provide a clear-cut direction for the futu re occupational health safety management system. The endeavor is like a medical examination; it is used to understand the health and safety weaknesses and probable improvements inside the factory. The matter of weakness improvement will form the future execution content of future occupational health safety management system execution. Initial review findings are finally compiled into the initial review report by the organization or an appointed person in charge. The report should be able to summarily explain matters under investigation, present a conclusion and suggestions for future to management review and future reference purposes. 3 Framework and planning period Following the completion of initial review and factories development of a general health and safety consensus comes future health and safety policymaking. Framework and planning execution covers the following: defining health and safety policies, setting objectives, organizing health and safety management programs, and formulation of document outline. Defining health and safety policies Health and safety policies manifest the commitment of the top executive, it is also the highest guiding principle of the health safety management system, the force behind the implementation and improvement of the health safety management system, as well as the manifestation of the organizations intentions in terms of health and safety responsibility and performance requirements. Likewise it serves as the standard for future occupational health safety management system establishment and improvement. Prior to the establishment of occupational health safety policies, the top executive should have a full understanding of organizational conditions as well as the hazards and health safety risks resulting from factory operations. The top executive should also have a thorough understanding to determine and manifest adequately intentions and direct future organization direction. Health and safety affairs often existed under a high subjective consciousness; hence the suitability of the he alth and safety policies could determine the success or failure of the occupational health safety management system. During the execution of the continuous improvement process, subjective and objective factors would change with progress; hence for the effective system operation, health and safety policies should be properly adjusted and amended in response to time and space changes. Defining health and safety objectives For effective risk control and reduction, as well as health and safety policy realization purposes, the organization should define health and safety objectives. The health and safety objectives should be able to manifest health and safety policies and be consistent with their objectives. Objectives should be expressed in writing and extend to every relevant management mechanism. Generally, health and safety objectives should be specific and as much as possible be measurable. Regardless which manner objectives are defined, they should focus on the significant hazards as well as health and safety risks of the factory. When formulating the health and safety objectives, in addition to the factory resource, skill and feasibility considerations, it is also imperative to consider the extent of the influence of the health and safety risks. The health and safety policy realization function of the health and safety objectives should also allow the upgrade of the general health and safety perfo rmance, moreover health and safety objectives should be quantifiable as much as possible. Defining the health and safety management program The health and safety management program is defined for the achievement of objectives; hence it should be able to layout the method, time, person(s) in charge, and goals of each department. Primary considerations include: derivation of specific action plans from objectives, clear-cut and flexible responsibility definition of management program executors, timely revisions. Generally, a program is often creates for a single objective and the achievement time of each objective may vary. A factory could consolidate the other programs or plans under implementation for the simultaneous achievement of multiple projected objectives. Since a management program is the bridge between planning and execution, the various execution requirements (e.g. framework and responsibility, operations and document control, communication, inspection, etc.) should be clearly defined to ensure smooth execution. Formulating document outline The primary objective of document outline formulation is to integrate the occupational health safety management system into the existing management system of the company for the realization of occupational health safety management operations. To ensure the proper execution of occupational health safety management system policies, objectives and management programs, integration with the existing system is imperative. Moreover, for the purpose of reducing excessive overlapping management documents, one should prepare the document outline beforehand. The more popular method is to prepare a checklist of existing management documents, may them be ISO 9000, ISO 14001, or other management system documents; then a comparative study with health and safety policies, objectives, and management programs should be conducted. Documents for addition or amendment should be identified then submitted to the departments concerned for preparatory work. The existing document management system of the c ompany may be used as the opener for the internal management system integration to facilitate quality, environment, occupational health safety management system integration. The endeavor would not only boost system operation efficiency, but also reduce the resistance due to the implementation of a new system. 4 Documentation stage What the OHSAS 18001 requires is a complete system managing health and safety affairs, not a bunch of scattered management techniques. Hence, every management method and document regulation of the system should be systematically and documentarily expressed for the creation of a future management system that is written into uniformity. Therefore, document amendment, utilization, maintenance, preservation, and control should be regulated through written rules for utilization and management convenience. Documents should be properly updated, valid, clearly identified, and easily traced for the effective management execution. Every document should be able to reflect work conditions, and duly evaluated by the approving authority. Document compilation, preservation, revision, and retraction should be suit time and place. Generally, one should still refer to the ISO 14001 document control and best options available during the implementation of OHSAS 18001; since the two came from the same or igin and are highly compatible. OHSAS 18001 does not have many documentation procedures; but whatever circumstances are, aside from the procedure, the factory should define the criteria for support based on its requirements. Let us take hazard detection for instance some companies would separately define procedures for the acquisition of relevant documents or methods that would ameliorate management information. In the case of objective definition, the provisions only required organizations to establish documentation objectives, but some companies separately formulated procedures for objective definition, or use a complete procedure to define the steps and precautions necessary for the planning portion. 5 Implementation and operation stage It does not matter what planning objectives were, how perfect planning was, or if planning was effective, what matters is the implementation execution. If policies, objectives, and programs are but matters of propaganda or are regarded as slogans, then their effects could not be optimized and the final planning objectives could never be achieved. In terms of the first health and safety management system established, since initial review was not included in the regular scope of execution of the system, one need not use a specific operating procedure to implement it. Once the health and safety policies have been set, proper utilization of initial review experience could simultaneously establish the document and execution plan procedures. Having completed planning operations, it is imperative to execute plan according to the management program. The relevant procedures, provisions, and operating standards should be established before program execution to avoid implementation difficulties . The more special requirements in the execution of the occupational health safety management system are communication and consultation. Since health and safety affairs are often interlinked and closely related to other parties, it is not just a matter of doing the job well, but one should also exchange opinions with the related groups or individuals whenever necessary. When dealing with internal operations, it is imperative to have two-way communication and consultation channels; when dealing with external matters, a good management is not dependent on ones singular determination. It should be recognized by the external community; moreover, while handling health and safety affairs, the organization should acquire the consensus of interested parties to reduce conflicts and doubts. The organization should be willing to coordinate related safety regulations and control. 6 Checking and corrective action stage It is imperative to continually check system execution trend to keep the health safety management system operating properly; the examination and corrective measures serve this function. The OHSAS 18001 requires system to have at least inspection and measurement procedure, corrective and preventive measures for inconsistent conditions, recording, health and safety management system audit. These features are correlated and could keep system operation within the prescribed parameters of the law and standards.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Inspection and measurement should be realized in daily operations and conducted in line with record management procedures. Records allow the tracing of execution results, so at the event of inconsistent conditions (including false alarm incidents), the authorized personnel should investigate matters as per prescribed procedure to reduce health and safety risks and prevent the recurrence of the same problem. In terms of health safety management system audit, the organization should institute procedure and program control to ensure that system would not deviate from the plan and be efficiently maintained and executed. The audit also provides the management a basis for evaluation. The progress of a health safety management system is due to continuous follow-up and improvement. Techniques employed are health safety management system audit and top executive management review. The purpose of health safety management system audit is to make sure the organization accomplished the job. It is regular conducted by the internal auditor of the factory, who examines whether operations meet the prescribed procedure and standards; whether departments complied with health and safety policies and objectives. The management review aims to ensure that job is done properly and done by the authorized top executive. The audit reports, past records, and inspection results determine whether the next stage of the entire organization and management system will be in the right direction. 7 Management review The completion of the management review marks the end of a PDCA cycle; it means one could prepare official verification. Prior to the official evaluation of the verification personnel, the factory should verify the completion of the following important matters: at least one PDCA management cycle was completed; the appropriate records were retained; all required documents were executed; version has been updated; execution operation records were written and approved as regulated; related supporting documents are attached; related parties have a full understanding of the health safety policies, health safety risks, and objective execution conditions; subcontractors and vendors were included in the health safety management system management; health safety management system audit has been improved (including internal audit or external evaluation); resolution of the deficiencies found during the previous audit, conclusion of management review, or other matters under related procedure e xecution. 8 Continuous improvement stage Introducing a new management system would give rise to problems during implementation. As long as problems are not serious enough to cause system breakdown or failure, improvements could be instituted. Continuous improvement of the system could be effected through management system audit and management review; as such is a basic requirement of OHSAS 18001. Prior knowledge of factors that may lead to possible problems could save manpower and material costs, as well as post-mortem efforts. The factory should maintain such a healthy state of mind when executing the OHSAS 18001, instead of going on a blind pursuit of a piece of certificate, this way, the factory not only alleviates personnel injury and environmental damages, reduce risk, reduce cost, improve factory image, upgrade factory performance through the health safety management system. In the continuous improvement process, the two major mechanisms fostering continuous improvement are health safety management system audit and management review. A planned and full-scale health safety management system audit could locate the common factors and special factors causing the health and safety performance problems resulting from system deficiency. The top executive determines the right direction for the systematic consideration of health and safety problem solutions, as well as the continuous execution of the PDCA logic continuous improvement mechanisms.

Ways to Improve Academic Experience

Ways to Improve Academic Experience in KDI School Reem Salah Academic Writing March 9,2010 Regular exercise is a critical part of staying healthy. People who are active live longer and feel better. Feeling better will make you more encouraged to study and achieve your goals. Also, it is a way to release tension that we are subject to in KDI . Thus, encompassing Physical Education as a core course and expanding the gymnasium is truly a way to improve academic experience in KDI. By encompassing physical education students will exercise and by expanding the gymnasium area more students will be able to go to the gym and exercise. Ultimately resulting in an improved academic experience in KDI. Exercise has positive effects on the brain. Exercise has been found to increase levels of â€Å"brain-derived neurotrophic factor†. This substance is thought to improve mood, and it may play a role in the beneficial effects of exercise†¦ help brain cells survive longer; so this may also explain some of the beneficial effects of exercise on dementia (Holmes, 2006). Demonstrating that by exercise not only on the long run students will not be prone to dementia but also their mood is improved. Mood improvement will result in students working better, feeling better and enhancing their creativity . Encompassing physical education as a core course thus will truly improve the academic experience. KDI School offers comprehensive and rigorous academic programs (School, 2007) . One way to reduce the tension and stress caused by these programs is physical exercise. Research has shown that physical exercise is the best tension reliever (ICBS, 1998). This illustrates that exercise can be a solution to release the tension which KDI students are subject to due to the rigorous academic programs. Also the rigorous programs in KDI require a lot of sitting in front of a computer or a desk all day. By exercising that built up energy and tension which have accumulated throughout the day can be released. It is a better way to channel your energy than letting it turn into anger or negativity. Strongly pointing out that incorporating physical education as one of the core courses will improve the academic experience. To encourage students to continue exercising the gymnasium has to be expanded. Entering class each year is approximately 200 Korean students for the Master’s Degree program and around  160  international students (School, 2007). Illustrating they are 360 students at KDI. To ensure that most of them are encouraged to exercise by going to the gymnasium, the gymnasium area has to be expanded. In an interview conducted B. K Lee (personal communication, March 09, 2010) noted that the gymnasium area is approximately 10 meters and KDI campus area is approximately 10 kilometers. Having 360 students in KDI with a gymnasium that small will discourage students from going there. Since the campus is 10 kilometers in area there will be no problem in expanding the gymnasium area. By doing so, more students will be encouraged to go to the gymnasium, exercise which will result in improving the academic experience in KDI. In conclusion, Exercise has positive effects on the brain. Release built up energy and tensions. Making us work in a better environment. Physical exercise has many benefits and should be a regular part of almost anyone’s life (Association, 2010). By making physical education as one of the core courses will no doubt improve academic experience in KDI and also the health of all the students. In addition expanding the gymnasium area will encourage students to go there often, exercise resulting in improved academic experience. References: Holmes. (2006). Mental health. About. Com. Retrieved 09/03/2010, from http://mentalhealth. about. com/od/depression/a/howexercise. htm ICBS. (1998). Exercise. Stress Management. Retrieved from http://www. holisticonline. om/Stress/stress_exercise. htm KDI School. (2007) Mission and Purpose. KDI School of Public Policy and Management. Retrieved 09/03/2010, from http://www. kdischool. ac. kr/ KDI School. (2007) Questions of the Academic Programs. KDI School of Public Policy and Management. Retrieved 09/03/2010, from http://www. kdischool. ac. kr/ American Heart Association. (2009). Excersice is for everyone. Physical Activity and Excersice. 10/03/2010, from http://www. americanheart. org/presenter . jhtml? identifier=11081

Camping Out by Ernest Hemingway

Before publishing his first major novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926, Ernest Hemingway worked as a reporter for the Toronto Daily Star. Though he thought it was unflattering to see his newspaper stuff compared to his fiction, the line between Hemingways factual and fictional writings was often blurred. As William White notes in his introduction to By-line: Ernest Hemingway (1967), he regularly took pieces he first filed with magazines and newspapers and published them with virtually no change in his own books as short stories. Hemingways famously economical style is already on display in this article from June 1920, an instructional piece (developed by process analysis) on setting up camp and cooking outdoors. Camping Out by Ernest Hemingway Thousands of people will go into the bush this summer to cut the high cost of living. A man who gets his two weeks’ salary while he is on vacation should be able to put those two weeks in fishing and camping and be able to save one week’s salary clear. He ought to be able to sleep comfortably every night, to eat well every day and to return to the city rested and in good condition. But if he goes into the woods with a frying pan, an ignorance of black flies and mosquitoes, and a great and abiding lack of knowledge about cookery, the chances are that his return will be very different. He will come back with enough mosquito bites to make the back of his neck look like a relief map of the Caucasus. His digestion will be wrecked after a valiant battle to assimilate half-cooked or charred grub. And he won’t have had a decent night’s sleep while he has been gone. He will solemnly raise his right hand and inform you that he has joined the grand army of never-agains. The call of the wild may be all right, but it’s a dog’s life. He’s heard the call of the tame with both ears. Waiter, bring him an order of milk toast. In the first place, he overlooked the insects. Black flies, no-see-ums, deer flies, gnats and mosquitoes were instituted by the devil to force people to live in cities where he could get at them better. If it weren’t for them everybody would live in the bush and he would be out of work. It was a rather successful invention. But there are lots of dopes that will counteract the pests. The simplest perhaps is oil of citronella. Two bits’ worth of this purchased at any pharmacist’s will be enough to last for two weeks in the worst fly and mosquito-ridden country. Rub a little on the back of your neck, your forehead, and your wrists before you start fishing, and the blacks and skeeters will shun you. The odor of citronella is not offensive to people. It smells like gun oil. But the bugs do hate it. Oil of pennyroyal and eucalyptol are also much hated by mosquitoes, and with citronella, they form the basis for many proprietary preparations. But it is cheaper and better to buy the straight citronella. Put a little on the mosquito netting that covers the front of your pup tent or canoe tent at night, and you won’t be bothered. To be really rested and get any benefit out of a vacation a man must get a good night’s sleep every night. The first requisite for this is to have plenty of cover. It is twice as cold as you expect it will be in the bush four nights out of five, and a good plan is to take just double the bedding that you think you will need. An old quilt that you can wrap up in is as warm as two blankets. Nearly all outdoor writers rhapsodize over the browse bed. It is all right for the man who knows how to make one and has plenty of time. But in a succession of one-night camps on a canoe trip all you need is level ground for your tent floor and you will sleep all right if you have plenty of covers under you. Take twice as much cover as you think that you will need, and then put two-thirds of it under you. You will sleep warm and get your rest. When it is clear weather you don’t need to pitch your tent if you are only stopping for the night. Drive four stakes at the head of your made-up bed and drape your mosquito bar over that, then you can sleep like a log and laugh at the mosquitoes. Outside of insects and bum sleeping the rock that wrecks most camping trips is cooking. The average tyro’s idea of cooking is to fry everything and fry it good and plenty. Now, a frying pan is a most necessary thing to any trip, but you also need the old stew kettle and the folding reflector baker. A pan of fried trout can’t be bettered and they don’t cost any more than ever. But there is a good and bad way of frying them. The beginner puts his trout and his bacon in and over a brightly burning fire; the bacon curls up and dries into a dry tasteless cinder and the trout is burned outside while it is still raw inside. He eats them and it is all right if he is only out for the day and going home to a good meal at night. But if he is going to face more trout and bacon the next morning and other equally well-cooked dishes for the remainder of two weeks he is on the pathway to nervous dyspepsia. The proper way is to cook over coals. Have several cans of Crisco or Cotosuet or one of the vegetable shortenings along that are as good as lard and excellent for all kinds of shortening. Put the bacon in and when it is about half cooked lay the trout in the hot grease, dipping them in cornmeal first. Then put the bacon on top of the trout and it will baste them as it slowly cooks. The coffee can be boiling at the same time and in a smaller skillet pancakes being made that are satisfying the other campers while they are waiting for the trout. With the prepared pancake  flours  you take a cupful of pancake flour and add a cup of water. Mix the water and flour and as soon as the lumps are out it is ready for cooking. Have the skillet hot and keep it well greased. Drop the batter in and as soon as it is done on one side loosen it in the skillet and flip it over. Apple butter, syrup or cinnamon and sugar go well with the cakes. While the crowd  have  taken the edge from their appetites with flapjacks the trout have been cooked and they and the bacon are ready to serve. The trout are crisp outside and firm and pink inside and the bacon is well done—but not too done. If there is anything better than that combination the writer has yet to taste it in a lifetime devoted largely and studiously to eating. The stew kettle will cook your dried apricots when they have resumed their predried plumpness after a night of soaking, it will serve to concoct a mulligan in, and it will cook macaroni. When you are not using it, it should be boiling water for the dishes. In the baker,  mere  man comes into his own, for he can make a pie that to his bush appetite will have it all over the product that mother used to make, like a tent. Men have always believed that there was something mysterious and difficult about making a pie. Here is a great secret. There is nothing to it. We’ve been kidded for years. Any man of average office intelligence can make at least as good a pie as his wife. All there is to a pie is a cup and a half of flour, one-half teaspoonful of salt, one-half cup of lard and cold water. That will make  pie  crust that will bring tears of joy into your camping partner’s eyes. Mix the salt with the flour, work the lard into the flour, make it up into a good workmanlike dough with cold water. Spread some flour on the back of a box or something flat, and pat the dough around a while. Then roll it out with whatever kind of round bottle you prefer. Put a little more lard on the surface of the sheet of dough and then slosh a little flour on and roll it up and then roll it out again with the bottle. Cut out a piece of the rolled out dough big enough to line a pie tin. I like the kind with holes in the bottom. Then put in your dried apples that have soaked all night and been sweetened, or your apricots, or your blueberries, and then take another sheet of the dough and drape it gracefully over the top, soldering it down at the edges with your fingers. Cut a couple of slits in the top dough sheet and prick it a few times with a fork in an artistic manner. Put it in the baker with a good slow fire for forty-five minutes and then take it out and if your pals are Frenchmen they will kiss you. The penalty for knowing how to cook is that the others will make you do all the cooking. It is all right to talk about roughing it in the woods. But the real woodsman is the man who can be really comfortable in the bush. Camping Out by Ernest Hemingway was originally published in the  Toronto Daily Star  on June 26, 1920.